Yellow Mountain

Using my black and white sketch of Huangshan as a reference, I proceeded to paint a larger painting in color.  This painting shall have a pronounced yellow tone.  You might say that is the personality of this piece.

I loaded the right side of the painting with features and the left side relatively scant as a contrast.
The foreground would be allocated with more detailed brushstrokes, fading to the right and to the back.  This initial stage consisted mainly of the Gou and R'an (scribe and wash) portions of the Gou Chuen Ts'a R'an D'ian ( scribe, texture, rub, wash, dot ) process.

The mountains in the foreground is extended to the right and back, forming a S-shaped pattern.  This is to satisfy the prescribed requisite of  "level perspective" in the traditional sense of Chinese landscape painting.

Adding a light wash to the features allowed me to get a better perspective of what I was doing, especially when the paper was wet

After the wash had dried, I did my Chuen and T'sa (texture and rubbing) brushstrokes.  The painting began to take on a more realistic appearance due to the added information.

With the help of selective R'an (wash) brushstrokes, I was able to better reveal the 3-dimensional quality of the painting by depicting the different light values.

A close-up of the Gou, Chuen, T'sa, R'an process.  Notice the lack of D'ian (dotting) at this stage.  I typically would reserve that for the purpose of concealing bad lines and to add amorphous features to garnish the landscape.

The void expanse was tweaked with clouds and mist, basically a wet on wet technique to borrow from the watercolor vernacular.  The effects were exaggerated when wet.

I had a better sense of what the stage looked like after the cloud and mist dried.  I began adding more detailed incidental features to the landscape. 

This also involved the use of the D'ian brushstroke to ameliorate deficiencies in the painting;  to smooth out transitions from one value to another

There was prodigious use of D'ian (dotting) brushstroke in this painting.  This technique helped to conceal a lot of inadequacies in my brushstrokes and created a pleasant nuance.  If you looked closely and compared the before-and-after pictures of the same areas you would notice a lot of the tentative brushstrokes were well hidden now.  Perhaps this was pointillism in its infancy.  Wink, wink.  

Here is an example of how all the different brushstroke techniques worked together to form a cohesive feature, evolving from a purely two-dimensional drawing.

Time to stand back and give the painting a rest.  The wet paper made the painting very vivid.

Prepping For A Demo

I was asked to do a Chinese Brush painting demonstration at one of the local venues.  I told them I would, and my topic would be landscape paintings.

Landscape painting is among the most difficult genre to master.  Needless to say it requires expert brush skill, but it is often laden with so many rules and doctrines, to the extent that it smothers creativity.  Chinese landscape paintings are in essence impressionistic abstract paintings that portray a a state of mind, a philosophy, rather than an object.  It is this ether that gets lost in the process.  I suppose one could describe a well manicured garden with all its physical attributes, design elevations and its eclectic collection of flora but it is the enjoyment of the garden, be it rests merely on the surroundings, or otherwise the sentiments it evokes, that ultimately establishes the garden.

I am certainly no expert in this area, and that is exactly why I wanted to take up this self imposed challenge.  I wanted to approach this demonstration from the standpoint of a student.

A student must do homework, and I need to have a clear road map in my mind as to what I plan to present, so I settled down to devise my program.  My experience with these demonstration sessions are that they are always fluid.  Some audience members are surprisingly well versed, whilst others are totally uninformed and I need to be able to talk at both levels at the same time.  We could be examining one topic and it quickly digressed to something else.  That is the reason I need to be more than a one trick pony and have an arsenal of useful skills and information that I can retrieve from.

Students of classical Chinese Brush are aware of the two main styles of painting, namely the Gonbi and the Xieyi; where the former is a more formal style with distinct outlines and filled in color and the latter is more expressive brushstroke ( especially broad side-tipped used to describe surfaces) format.  Landscape paintings demand a good understanding of the Ji Ben Gong ( fundamentals ) which deals with Gou, Chuen, Ts'a, R'an and D'ian ( outline, texture, rub, wash, dot )

Landscape paintings are often a combination of the two, although there are works that are predominately one or the other.  I shall start with the study of the more brushstroke-weighted ( surface weighted) one.  Here the brushstrokes represent a shape, a landmass in this case; and also the light values and shading.

I reached into my tools bag and dug up an old model that I fashioned with foam core board

using charcoal I rubbed the contour onto my Xuan ( I must emphasize that this is not the traditional way of doing Chinese landscape paintings, but strictly something I devised to help myself and others understand the brushstrokes)

I started on the left side and built my backdrop of a trail with steps using light and medium ink

Using dark ink, I sought out the areas that are shielded from the light and did my side tip brushstrokes

As the ink is depleted gradually from the brush, take advantage of that by laying into areas that require a lighter value.  A clear understanding and concept of how the rocks are presented helps to write in these brushstrokes.  In an ideal situation, the charcoal contour lines should not be visible at all, since they never existed to begin with.  They are only "cheat lines" to help the student visualize the structure.  Thus I was trying hard to conceal these lines.

Moving on to the right side, I inserted the rest of the backdrop

Voila, the completed sketch

Before I proceed to my next etude, let me just say that I am not too happy with the above rendition.
The more brushstroke-weighted (surface-weighted) style is supposed to be more spirited and free and yet I don't see that at all.  I believe the culprit is in my charcoal sketch lines.  Those were supposed to guide me as to where to write in my brushstrokes but they ended up being quite restrictive.  I was trying to conceal them as well as follow them and thus my brushstrokes looked more like tracings than actual strokes.  They lacked gusto!

While my scheme MIGHT help us understand where to wet the paper with ink, it also created a rather rigid image.

I turned my attentions to the more traditional method of painting landscape, half Gonbi, half Xieyi.
This process begins by establishing outlines of hills, rocks, trees etc., anything that is in the foreground or middle-ground.  These areas enjoy a more rigorous and detailed description from the brushstrokes.  Thus the process of Gou is the first step.

As the ink gets depleted from the brush, which also gets drier as the writing continues, we need to strategically start writing in areas that demand a lighter tone, also the process of Chuen and T'sa as the opportunities present.  In other words, Gou started out as a single minded procedure, but as the brush changes its characteristics then we take advantage of the situation by incorporating Chuen and T'sa.  This concurrent administering of the 3 techniques gives the painting a more cohesive feel.

The background, or objects far far away are always depicted with the broad strokes without Gou lines. These are suggestions that something exists out there.  The broad side-tipped strokes are used.

After the basic skeleton is acquired, it is time to employ R'an, to add shading and establish the darker tones.  R'an can be most effective and dramatic when corroborated with the Chuen that is already in place.  It really defines the faces of the rocks and the texture.  It helps if we can hypothesize and visualize where and how the light illuminates the formations.

Using burnt sienna, or tea, we judiciously color in the highlighted areas

Write in the darker areas with indigo and ink mixed.  Do this before the tea or burnt sienna dries so the transition of color is smooth and is easier on the eyes.  Also use a non transparent color like green label one to write in the flat land and shore  at the base of the conical pillars.

Close-up of fine tuning the rock face

The reason for using a non transparent color of the shores is so that when we put in the reflection of the pillars in water, the gouache like color is not covered, retaining the integrity of the shores.

D'ian is selectively applied to hide bad lines, or to accentuate a contour line, suggesting vegetation in the crevasses, tree stands, blades of grass along the shoreline or simply as decoratios to take up space, like a potted plant in the corner of a room.  Obviously tree leaves are prime candidates for its application.

The brushstrokes need to be lively and expressive, despite the fact that they seem like mere dots.

The finished painting

which is loosely based on this scene from Guiln

I feel a lot better now.

I feel like I have given the impending demo an honest preparation.

I feel like I have gone to the confession booth and have all my sins absolved.......

Continue To Break It Down

Using the systematic approach of knocking off a small portion at a time, I had the main features of the landscape painted in.

Don't be afraid to build on the features when you feel that the brush has the right tone and wetness.
I must emphasize again that the Gou, Chuen, Ts'a, R'an and D'ian steps are not discrete and separate events, but rather a mix and match affair.  It's a continuous train of thought.

I then transferred my attention to the backdrops.  In a traditional style of landscape the background could be quite similar to the foreground.  The artist however needs to bring out the elements of the 3 perspectives that populates a traditional landscape painting.

Height Perspective- demonstrates how tall and mighty and stalwart the mountains are
Depth Perspective- leads the viewer deeper into the painting by revealing the little ancillaries,
                                huts, steps, hidden falls and streams etc.
Level Perspective- describes the distance from front to back

In Mr. You's piece, he used a waterfall in the backdrop to steer the viewer beyond the huts and trees in the foreground.  The stream and steps and huts on right side yonder were his effort to lead the audience past the immediate trees and hut in the foreground.

Thus the stacking of the mounds and hills followed the Height Perspective, and the strategic placement of the stream, huts, stair and waterfall satisfied the Depth Perspective requirement.

Judiciously  building up the hills to the right of the waterfall by accentuating the Chuen and Wash brushstrokes.

As more and more information was added, the painting took on a 3-dimensional appearance.  There was a tremendous amount of satisfaction to see the paper slowly transformed from lines of ink to something that seemed to have substance and life; booboos notwithstanding.

Chinese landscape paintings are known as Mountain and Water Paintings by literal translation.  Obviously mountain and water features are the main characters in the plot.

simple and repeated Hemp Fiber Chuen brushstrokes helped to define the shape and texture of the flanks of the mountain.  The conifers in the front had different leaf brushstrokes from the dotted leaf brushstrokes in the back hills on the right.

A waterfall is typically painted as a void space, with edges not defined by visible lines, but tone values between the ink and the void.  A variety of leaf brushstrokes defines a mixed cultivation and the practice is a textbook standard.

Steps leading up to a platform on a precipitous is again very cliche in landscape paintings.  The assembly helps to reveal the Depth Perspective by including lots of vistas along the way as the viewer scans the composition.

 Mr. You defined this hut by using mostly a negative space with a few heavy lines below the roof to add shadow and suggest structures.  I really appreciated the effectiveness of this style of painting a building.

The brush wash had by now attained the right ink tone to paint the far far away hills.  I soaked my brush generously from the brush wash bowl and laid it flat against the paper and splashed on semblance of distant peaks.

Now the remaining perspective, the Level Perspective, which describes distance, had been captured.

This is when I needed to stand back and try to give my painting a critical eye, and tried to mitigate the obvious mistakes that I could detect.  In the final analysis, I was not unhappy with my efforts this time around.

I thought I was able to write down a lot more information on paper, to the point that my first attempt looked almost incomplete.  My patience and a more studious approach did pay dividends for me.

It was interesting to note how different the two paintings look when placed side-by-side.